Prevalence of Ectopic Canine in Different Sagittal and Vertical Skeletal Patterns.

AIM: The present investigation aims to find out the prevalence of ectopic canines among skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusions and to evaluate its variability among different genders and their growth patterns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study sample included orthopantomograms (OPGs), lateral skull views, and study models of 999 patients collected from departmental archives. Among the selected samples, 258 were males and 738 were females. They were divided into skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusions sagittally and hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent groups according to their angle formed between point A-Nasion - point B (ANB) and angle formed between the Sella-Nasion (SN) plane and Gonion (Go) - Gnathion (Gn) plane (SnGoGn) values respectively. RESULTS: Of the 999 samples, 738 (73.9%) were female and 260 (25.8%) were male patients. When compared to men, females had a higher proportion of ectopic canines. An estimated 62.3% of skeletal class I, 29.1% of skeletal class II, and 8.6% of skeletal class III cases were found to have ectopic canines. An estimated 720 (72.1%) patients were found to have maxillary ectopic canines and out of the available sample, 474 patients have horizontal growth patterns, 335 have average growth patterns and 190 patients have vertical growth patterns. Labial impaction was the commonest (65.4%) followed by palatal (24.8%). Bilateral impaction was comparatively more (51.1%) than unilateral impaction (48.2%). Maxilla was more prevalent (72.1%) as compared to the mandible (16.3%) and for both the arches it was (11.6%). Ectopic canines were identified in a total of 62.3% of cases with skeletal class I, 29.1% of cases with skeletal class II, and 8.6% of cases with skeletal class III. CONCLUSION: The bilateral ectopic canine was mostly seen in skeletal class I and class III malocclusions, whereas, a unilateral presentation was mostly seen in skeletal class II malocclusions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Knowing the likelihood of a maxillary canine erupting ectopically will aid clinicians in starting with interceptive therapy since this condition necessitates complex orthodontic mechanics.

Prevalence and characteristics of systemic conditions in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of systemic conditions in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery at a tertiary centre. Ninety of the 838 patients undergoing orthognathic surgery between 2013 and 2019 had a systemic condition (prevalence of 10.7%). The most prevalent categories of systemic conditions were inflammatory joint disorders, endocrinological disorders, and syndromes. Patients with syndromes were significantly younger at the time of surgery than patients with endocrinological (P < 0.001), inflammatory joint (P = 0.003), or gastrointestinal disorders (P = 0.033). Endocrinological disorders, syndromes, and malignancies were more frequently associated with a skeletal class III malocclusion (P = 0.009, P < 0.001, and P = 0.048 respectively). Further research is needed to clarify the role of systemic conditions in the aetiology of malocclusion and postoperative outcomes.

Prevalence of mandibular asymmetry in different skeletal sagittal patterns.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the prevalence of mandibular asymmetry in skeletal sagittal malocclusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, LIVIVO and gray literature (OpenGrey, ProQuest, and Google Scholar) were electronically searched. Two independent investigators selected the eligible studies, and assessed risk of bias and certainty of evidence (GRADE). One reviewer independently extracted the data and the second reviewer checked this information. Any disagreement between the reviewers in each phase was resolved by discussion between them and/or involved a third reviewer for final decision. RESULTS: Electronic search identified 5,132 studies, and 5 observational studies were included. Risk of bias was low in two studies, moderate in one, and high in two. The studies showed high heterogeneity. Mandibular asymmetry ranged from 17.43% to 72.95% in overall samples. Horizontal chin deviation showed a prevalence of 17.66% to 55.6% asymmetry in Class I malocclusions, and 68.98% in vertical asymmetry index. In Class II patients, prevalence of mandibular asymmetry varied from 10% to 25.5% in horizontal chin deviation, and 71.7% in vertical asymmetry index. The Class III sample showed a prevalence of mandibular asymmetry ranging from 22.93% to 78% in horizontal chin deviation and 80.4% in vertical asymmetry index. Patients seeking orthodontic or orthognathic surgery treatment showed greater prevalence of mandibular asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS: Skeletal Class III malocclusion showed the greatest prevalence of mandibular asymmetry. Mandibular vertical asymmetry showed a marked prevalence in all malocclusions. However, conclusions should be interpreted with caution due to use of convenience samples and low-quality study outcomes.

Occlusal traits, orthodontic treatment need and treatment complexity among untreated 17-21-year-olds in Estonia.

Objective: To analyze data on occlusal traits, orthodontic treatment need and treatment complexity in orthodontically untreated 17-21-year-old Estonians.Materials and methods: Clinical records and plaster casts of 390 untreated young adults (219 females and 171 males, mean age 18.5 years, range 17-21 years) were analyzed. Assessed occlusal traits included first molar and canine sagittal relationship, overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, crossbite and scissor bite. The Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON) was used to assess orthodontic treatment need and complexity. Participants' opinions regarding their teeth were determined with a questionnaire.Results: The most prevalent occlusal traits were Class I sagittal relationship in canines (76%) and molars (70%), crowding (51%), overbite ≥3.5 mm (48%), the end-to-end sagittal relationship in canines (48%) and overjet ≥3.5 mm (47%). Antero-posterior asymmetry was common both in canines (39%) and molars (37%). According to ICON, 36% of participants had orthodontic treatment need.Conclusions: Desire for orthodontic treatment was associated with crowding and increased overjet, and with no gender difference, participants' main expectation of treatment was an improvement in dentofacial aesthetics. Treatment needs determined with ICON was moderate and in line with the participants' desire for orthodontic treatment.

Global distribution of malocclusion traits: A systematic review

Abstract Objective: Considering that the available studies on prevalence of malocclusions are local or national-based, this study aimed to pool data to determine the distribution of malocclusion traits worldwide in mixed and permanent dentitions. Methods: An electronic search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar search engines, to retrieve data on malocclusion prevalence for both mixed and permanent dentitions, up to December 2016. Results: Out of 2,977 retrieved studies, 53 were included. In permanent dentition, the global distributions of Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion were 74.7% [31 - 97%], 19.56% [2 - 63%] and 5.93% [1 - 20%], respectively. In mixed dentition, the distributions of these malocclusions were 73% [40 - 96%], 23% [2 - 58%] and 4% [0.7 - 13%]. Regarding vertical malocclusions, the observed deep overbite and open bite were 21.98% and 4.93%, respectively. Posterior crossbite affected 9.39% of the sample. Africans showed the highest prevalence of Class I and open bite in permanent dentition (89% and 8%, respectively), and in mixed dentition (93% and 10%, respectively), while Caucasians showed the highest prevalence of Class II in permanent dentition (23%) and mixed dentition (26%). Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition was highly prevalent among Mongoloids. Conclusion: Worldwide, in mixed and permanent dentitions, Angle Class I malocclusion is more prevalent than Class II, specifically among Africans; the least prevalent was Class III, although higher among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. In vertical dimension, open bite was highest among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. Posterior crossbite was more prevalent in permanent dentition in Europe.

Resumo Objetivo: considerando-se que os estudos disponíveis sobre a prevalência das más oclusões são de base local ou nacional, esse estudo teve como objetivo reunir dados para determinar a distribuição dos tipos de má oclusão em uma escala global, nas dentições permanente e mista. Métodos: foi realizada uma busca eletrônica através das ferramentas de pesquisa do PubMed, Embase e Google Acadêmico, para reunir estudos publicados até dezembro de 2016 sobre a prevalência das más oclusões, tanto na dentição permanente quanto na dentição mista. Resultados: dos 2.977 estudos encontrados, 53 foram analisados. Na dentição permanente, a distribuição mundial das más oclusões de Classe I, II e III foi, respectivamente, de 74,7% [31 - 97%], 19,56% [2 - 63%] e 5,93% [1 - 20%]. Na dentição mista, a distribuição dessas más oclusões foi de 73% [40 - 96%], 23% [2 - 58%] e 4% [0,7 - 13%]. Em relação às más oclusões verticais, observou-se prevalência de 21,98% de sobremordida profunda e 4,93% de mordida aberta. A mordida cruzada posterior afetou 9,39% da amostra. Os africanos mostraram a maior prevalência de Classe I e mordida aberta na dentição permanente (89% e 8%, respectivamente) e na dentição mista (93% e 10% respectivamente), enquanto os caucasianos apresentaram a maior prevalência de Classe II na dentição permanente (23%) e na dentição mista (26%). A má oclusão de Classe III na dentição mista foi mais prevalente entre xantodermas. Conclusão: mundialmente, nas dentições mista e permanente, as más oclusões de Classe I de Angle são mais prevalentes do que as de Classe II, especificamente entre os africanos; a menos prevalente foi a Classe III, ainda que mais prevalente entre os xantodermas na dentição mista. Na dimensão vertical, as mordidas abertas foram mais prevalentes entre xantodermas na dentição mista. A mordida cruzada posterior apresentou maior prevalência na dentição permanente na Europa.

Prevalence of malocclusion in children with obstructive sleep apnoea.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of malocclusions in 2- to 10-year-old children suffering from obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and to evaluate the association between occlusal variables and OSA. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: A total of 2101 consecutive patients referred to an otorhinolaryngology unit were considered for the study. One hundred and fifty-six children (range 2-10 years) with suspected OSA were selected for a sleep study. The final sample consisted of 139 children suffering from OSA and a control group of 137 children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients included in the study underwent a clinical orthodontic examination to record the following occlusal variables: primary canine relationship, presence of a posterior crossbite, overjet and overbite. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, comparing the demographic characteristics and dental parameters in OSA vs non-OSA children, were computed. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to compare independent variables associated with OSA to non-OSA children. RESULTS: The prevalence of malocclusions in children with OSA was 89.9% compared to 60.6% in the control group (P < 0.001). Factors independently associated with OSA compared to the control group were posterior crossbite (OR = 3.38; 95%CI:1.73-6.58), reduced overbite (OR = 2.43; 95%CI:1.15-5.15.), increased overbite (OR = 2.19; 95%CI:1.12-4.28) and increased overjet (OR = 4.25; 95%CI:1.90-9.48). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a high prevalence of malocclusion in children with OSA compared to the control group. The posterior crossbite and deviations in overjet and overbite were significantly associated with OSA. The presence of these occlusal features shows the importance of an orthodontic evaluation in screening for paediatric OSA.

[Mandibular asymmetry: determination of a reliable skin measurement technique]. / Latéromandibulie : détermination d'une mesure cutanée fiable.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical measurements in the frontal view underevaluate chin deviation in mandibular asymmetry. The aim of this descriptive study is to search for a reliable method of measuring deviant chins using a facial X-ray as reference. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Seventy patients with mandibular asymmetry who had consulted a maxillofacial surgeon were systematically included. Age, sex, cephalometric characteristics, reasons for patient consultation and type of surgery were collected. Two cephalometric methods were tested with respect to the medial sagittal plane (PSM) to compare the assessment of mandibular asymmetry on soft tissue and by cephalometry. RESULTS: On average, the patients selected were young (26 years +/- 9), women (75% of cases), presented open bite (average FMA: 28° +/- 8°), a skeletal class III tendency, a left-side shift of the chin (63% of cases). They consulted for both aesthetic and functional reasons (51% of cases) and required bimaxillary surgery (66% of cases). Comparison between the photographic angle (formed by the PSM and the line passing through the nasion and reaching the chin point) and the radiographic angle (formed by the PSM and the line passing through the Crista Galli process and the bony chin point angle) showed no significant difference (p = 0.937) and is thus reliable.

Relationship between foot posture and dental malocclusions in children aged 6 to 9 years: A cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to determine the association, if any, between foot posture and dental malocclusions in the anteroposterior plane, in children.The study population consisted of 189 children (95 boys and 94 girls) aged 6 to 9 years. In every case, previous informed consent was requested and obtained from the parent/guardian and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Málaga (CEUMA 26/2015H).This observational, descriptive, cross-sectional analysis is based on a study population (STROBE). Qualified personnel conducted a podiatric and dental examination of each child, recording the Clarke angle and the foot posture index (FPI) as an outcomes measure in the feet, and also dental malocclusions, according to Angle classification.A significant correlation was observed for the FPI scores (for right foot) as well as the Clarke angle (for right foot), in relation to dental malocclusions as determined by Angle classification (P < .001). Of all the supinated feet analyzed, 38.46% were Class II according to Angle classification, and none were Class III. Of the pronated feet, 48.57% were Class III, 42.85% were Class I, and 8.57% were Class II.The Clarke angle decreases with the progression from Class I to III, whereas the FPI increases with that from Class I to III. These findings suggest there is a relation between the Clarke angle and FPI, on the one hand, and dental malocclusion on the other.

[The smile: a challenge in the treatment of class III]. / Le sourire : un enjeu dans la décision thérapeutique des classes III.

INTRODUCTION: The smile poses a challenge in the treatment of class III. Untreated, the class III patient presents excessive maxillary torque and a predominant display of the mandibular incisors, a sign that becomes more visible with age. Functional orthopedics restores the aesthetic appearance of the smile by maxillary protraction (sometimes temporarily because 20% of cases will still need surgery). Depending on the initial severity of the case (-4.5 mm AoBo would be the threshold value), the options are compensation or surgical correction. In both cases, the profile is improved but without normalising the cephalometric values. In recent years, the number of published cases treated by compensations (often using skeletal anchorage) has multiplied with broader indications, particularly for Asian patients in whom Le Fort I surgery gives questionable aesthetic results. Attention must be focused on the occlusal plane rotation which alters the smile by displaying the mandibular incisors. Nevertheless, surgery can handle the most severe cases with a greater degree of improvement. AIM: The aim of this article is to determine the cephalometric cut-off values for an acceptable smile in Class III patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a search on Pubmed using the following keywords: Class III, anterior cross bite, smile, camouflage, orthognathic surgery; then secondarily, using references supplied by the articles found. We then analysed the data. RESULTS: The ortho-surgical protocol associated with extractions of maxillary first premolars appears to be the way to obtain the best results in terms of the smile (versus surgery without extractions and versus orthodontic compensations) because it is, in fact, the only way to restore the normal position and torque of the maxillary incisors, thus increasing their display during smiling.

The prevalence of malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment among adolescents in the northern border region of Saudi Arabia: an epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND: To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need among adolescents using the dental health component (DHC) of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 (mean age 16.25 ± 1.09) adolescents randomly selected from the northern border region of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The northern border region is sub-divided into three governorates: Ar'ar (186), Rafha (142) and Turayf (172). The data were recorded in questionnaires to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and estimate of DHC of the IOTN index. RESULTS: The most common malocclusions in order of prevalence were Angle's Class I (52.8%), Angle's Class II (31.8%), Angle's Class III (15.4%), crowding (47.2%), excessive overjet (> 2 mm) (22.2%), reduced overjet (< 1 mm) (11.4%), excessive overbite (> 2 mm) (23.4%), reduced overbite (< 1 mm) (12.2%), anterior crossbite (4.8%), posterior crossbite (9.4%) and open bite (4.6%). The most common facial profiles determined in the sagittal plane, were the straight facial profile (49.2%), convex (42.6%) and concave (8.2%). The prevalence of Grade 1 and 2 DHC was 49.4%, Grade 3 was 29.6%, Grade 4 and 5 was 21%. The grades of DHC of IOTN index were as follows: 48.73% of males and 50.22% of females showed grades 1 and 2. Grade 3 was observed in 30.32% of males and 28.69% of females. Grades 4 and 5 were recorded in 20.93% of males and 21.07% of females. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need among the north border region of KSA is comparable with that of other regional studies.

Global distribution of malocclusion traits: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Considering that the available studies on prevalence of malocclusions are local or national-based, this study aimed to pool data to determine the distribution of malocclusion traits worldwide in mixed and permanent dentitions. METHODS: An electronic search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar search engines, to retrieve data on malocclusion prevalence for both mixed and permanent dentitions, up to December 2016. RESULTS: Out of 2,977 retrieved studies, 53 were included. In permanent dentition, the global distributions of Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion were 74.7% [31 - 97%], 19.56% [2 - 63%] and 5.93% [1 - 20%], respectively. In mixed dentition, the distributions of these malocclusions were 73% [40 - 96%], 23% [2 - 58%] and 4% [0.7 - 13%]. Regarding vertical malocclusions, the observed deep overbite and open bite were 21.98% and 4.93%, respectively. Posterior crossbite affected 9.39% of the sample. Africans showed the highest prevalence of Class I and open bite in permanent dentition (89% and 8%, respectively), and in mixed dentition (93% and 10%, respectively), while Caucasians showed the highest prevalence of Class II in permanent dentition (23%) and mixed dentition (26%). Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition was highly prevalent among Mongoloids. CONCLUSION: Worldwide, in mixed and permanent dentitions, Angle Class I malocclusion is more prevalent than Class II, specifically among Africans; the least prevalent was Class III, although higher among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. In vertical dimension, open bite was highest among Mongoloids in mixed dentition. Posterior crossbite was more prevalent in permanent dentition in Europe.

Nasal Deviation in Patients With Asymmetric Mandibular Prognathism.

PURPOSE: This study was aimed to evaluate the nasal deviation in patients with asymmetric mandibular prognathism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with skeletal class III malocclusion were included in the study. Significant mandibular asymmetry of >4 mm menton deviation in three-dimensional (3D) reformatted cone beam computed tomography images was defined as asymmetry group (n = 20). Patients without mandibular asymmetry served as control group (n = 15). The mandibular asymmetry was evaluated pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Nasal tip was significantly shifted to the deviated side of the mandible (short side) in the asymmetry group, as compared to the control group (1.5 ±â€Š0.9 degree, P < 0.01). Alar base angle (ABA) was significantly narrower in nondeviated side (long side) than in the deviated side in asymmetry group. However, control group showed no bilateral difference in ABA. Correction of deviated mandibular prognathism by isolated mandibular surgery resulted in change in the ABA but not the columella base position or nasal asymmetry. ABA on nondeviated side significantly decreased in proportion to the amount of transverse menton movement by surgery (r = -0.560, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that mandibular chin deviation was accompanied by nasal deviation. Isolated mandibular surgery can potentially influence the alar base position on the contralateral side of deviation but not the nasal tip asymmetry. Therefore, clinicians should inform patients preoperatively of the fundamental limitation of mandibular surgery in cases with preexisting nasal asymmetry.

The structural changes of upper airway and newly developed sleep breathing disorders after surgical treatment in class III malocclusion subjects.

Bimaxillary surgery is the traditional treatment of choice for correcting class III malocclusion which is reported to cause an alteration of oropharyngeal structures and upper airway narrowing that might be a predisposing factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study aimed to analyze sleep parameters in class III malocclusion subjects and ascertain the prevalence of snoring or OSA following bimaxillary surgery.A total of 22 patients with Le Fort I osteotomy and mandibular setback for class III malocclusion were prospectively enrolled. All patients received endoscopic examination, cephalometry, 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT), and sleep study twice at 1 month before and 3 months after surgery.The patient population consisted of 5 males and 17 females with a mean body mass index of 22.5 kg/m and mean age of 22.1 years. No patients complained of sleep-related symptoms, and the results of sleep study showed normal values before surgery. Three patients (13%) were newly diagnosed with mild or moderate OSA and 6 patients (27%) showed increased loudness of snoring (over 40 dB) after bimaxillary surgery. According to cephalometric analysis and 3D-CT results, the retropalatal and retroglossal areas were significantly narrowed in class III malocclusion patients, showing snoring and sleep apnea after surgery. In addition, the total volume of the upper airway was considerably reduced following surgery in the same patients.Postoperative narrowing of the upper airway and a reduction of total upper airway volume can be induced, and causes snoring and OSA in class III malocclusion subjects following bimaxillary surgery.

Prevalence of malocclusion in Canadian children with autism spectrum disorder.

INTRODUCTION: The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to describe the most common malocclusion traits in this population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients diagnosed with ASD aged between 5 and 18 years. Randomly selected healthy children with the same demographic characteristics comprised the control group. Dental charts were reviewed to obtain the children's sociodemographic characteristics and type of occlusion. Information on each child's molar occlusion classification (Angle classification), midline deviation, crossbite, open bite, overbite, overjet, and crowding were recorded. The statistical analysis used descriptive analysis, the Pearson chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Ninety-nine children comprised the ASD group, and 101 children were in the control group. Our results demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of malocclusion in children with ASD compared with the control group (P <0.001). Patients with ASD were significantly more likely to have posterior crossbite (P = 0.03), increased overjet (P <0.0001), and severe maxillary crowding (P <0.01). Furthermore, children with ASD were more likely to have malocclusion than non-ASD children, independently of their demographic characteristics (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.46, -4.65). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malocclusion was higher among children with ASD. Posterior crossbite, increased overjet, and severe maxillary crowding were the most common malocclusion traits in these children.

Retrospective 25-year follow-up of treatment outcomes in angle Class III patients : Early versus late treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To assess early versus late treatment of Class III syndrome for skeletal and dental differences. METHODS: Thirty-eight Class III patients treated with a chincup were retrospectively analyzed. Baseline data were obtained by reviewing pretreatment (T0) anamnestic records, cephalograms, and casts. The cases were assigned to an early or a late treatment group based on age at T0 (up to 9 years or older than 9 years but before the pubertal growth spurt). Both groups were further compared based on posttreatment data (T1) and long-term follow-up data collected approximately 25 years after treatment (T2). RESULTS: Early treatment was successful in 74% and late treatment in 67% of cases. More failures were noted among male patients. The late treatment group was characterized post therapeutically by significantly more pronounced skeletal parameters of jaw size relative to normal Class I values; in addition, a greater skeletal discrepancy between maxilla and mandible, higher values for mandibular length, Cond-Pog, ramus height, overjet, anterior posterior dysplasia indicator (APDI), lower anterior face height, and gonial angle were measured at T1. The angle between the AB line and mandibular plane was found to be larger at T0, T1, and T2, as well as more pronounced camouflage positions of the lower anterior teeth at T0. The early treatment group was found to exhibit greater amounts of negative overjet at T0 but more effective correction at T1. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment of Class III syndrome resulted in greater skeletal changes with less dental compensation.

Retrospective 25-year follow-up of treatment outcomes in Angle Class III patients : Success versus failure.

OBJECTIVES: Despite recommendations for early treatment of hereditary Angle Class III syndrome, late pubertal growth may cause a relapse requiring surgical intervention. This study was performed to identify predictors of successful Class III treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight Class III patients treated with a chincup were retrospectively analyzed. Data were collected from the data archive, cephalograms, and casts, including pretreatment (T0) and posttreatment (T1) data, as well as long-term follow-up data collected approximately 25 years after treatment (T2). Each patient was assigned to a success or a failure group. Data were analyzed based on time (T0, T1, T2), deviations from normal (Class I), and prognathism types (true mandibular prognathism, maxillary retrognathism, combined pro- and retrognathism). RESULTS: Compared to Class I normal values, the data obtained in both groups yielded 11 significant parameters. The success group showed values closer to normal at all times (T0, T1, T2) and vertical parameters decreased from T0 to T2. The failure group showed higher values for vertical and horizontal mandibular growth, as well as dentally more protrusion of the lower anterior teeth and more negative overjet at all times. In adittion, total gonial and upper gonial angle were higher at T0 and T1. A prognostic score-yet to be evaluated in clinical practice-was developed from the results. The failure group showed greater amounts of horizontal development during the years between T1 and T2. Treatment of true mandibular prognathism achieved better outcomes in female patients. Cases of maxillary retrognathism were treated very successfully without gender difference. Failure was clearly more prevalent, again without gender difference, among the patients with combined mandibular prognathism and maxillary retrognathism. Crossbite situations were observed in 44% of cases at T0. Even though this finding had been resolved by T1, it relapsed in 16% of the cases by T2. CONCLUSION: The failure rate increased in cases of combined mandibular prognathism and maxillary retrognathism. Precisely in these combined Class III situations, it should be useful to apply the diagnostic and prognostic parameters identified in the present study and to provide the patients with specific information about the increased risk of failure.

Impacto del perfil facial en la apreciación de la personalidad / Impact of facial profile on personality assessment

Objetivo: determinar el impacto de los perfiles faciales y analizar si contribuyen a calificar a una persona de agradable, positiva, negativa, simpática, exitosa, alegre o amargada. Materiales y métodos: se modificó la fotografía de una paciente a fin de obtener cinco tipos de perfiles faciales, los cuales fueron evaluados mediante la escala de Likert por estudiantes de odontología, Los resultados fueron volcados en tablas con el programa Excel (Microsoft) y analizados mediante la prueba de ANOVA. Resultados: losperfiles de clase III fueron asociados a personas amargadas, menos exitosas, poco simpáticas y negativas. Los perfiles de clase II, a personas agradables, simpáticas, alegres y positivas. Los perfiles de clase I, a personas exitosas. Conclusiones: el perfil facial influye en la percepción de las personas. El perfil de clase III es asociado a valores socialmente negativos.

Assessment of Gender Dimorphism on Sagittal Cephalometry in Pakistani Population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the cephalometric values among Pakistani males and females using commonly used sagittal skeletal measurements (ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta-angle) and newly developed cephalometric analyses (Yen-angle and W-angle). STUDY DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Orthodontic Department of Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan, from August to October 2013. METHODOLOGY: Atotal of 209 pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients were selected from departmental records, comprised of 92 males and 117 females. Radiographs were traced for measurements of ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta-angle, W-angle and Yen-angle. Patients were categorized into skeletal classes I, II, and III on the basis of performed measurements, incisor classification, and profile recorded from their records. Descriptive analysis was used to obtain median interquartile range in both the genders and Mann-Whitney U-test was used to observe gender dimorphism. RESULTS: Skeletal class II was the most prevalent type of malocclusion. There were no difference in the obtained measurements between males and females except the Wits appraisal and Beta-angle in class II patients, which showed significant difference in values (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pakistani population has no significant different difference in the craniofacial morphology of males and females, with the exception of Wits-appraisal and Beta-angle in class II cases.

[Investigation of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment proportion of middle school students in Hailing district, Taizhou city].

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment proportion of middle school students in Hailing district, Taizhou city. METHODS: Standard investigation form was made based on the individual normal occlusion and Angle's classification of malocclusion. 9018 middle school students were investigated. SPSS 19.0 software package was used for Chi-square test. RESULTS: The prevalence of malocclusion was 69.38%. ClassⅠ, ClassII and Class III malocclusions were observed in 52.48%, 30.62% and 16.90% of the sample, respectively. The correction rate was lower than those reported for other cities. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the investigation reveal the need to improve public health plans for orthodontic treatment and to increase the rate of correction in Hailing district, Taizhou city.

Computer-aided design and computer-aided modeling (CAD/CAM) generated surgical splints, cutting guides and custom-made implants: Which indications in orthognathic surgery?

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the present report was to describe our indications, results and complications of computer-aided design and computer-aided modeling CAD/CAM surgical splints, cutting guides and custom-made implants in orthognathic surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the clinical and radiological data of ten consecutive patients with dentofacial deformities treated using a CAD/CAM technique. Four patients had surgical splints and cutting guides for correction of maxillomandibular asymmetries, three had surgical cutting guides and customized internal distractors for correction of severe maxillary deficiencies and three had custom-made implants for additional chin contouring and/or mandibular defects following bimaxillary osteotomies and sliding genioplasty. We recorded age, gender, dentofacial deformity, surgical procedure and intra- and postoperative complications. RESULTS: All of the patients had stable cosmetic results with a high rate of patient satisfaction at the 1-year follow-up examination. No intra- and/or postoperative complications were encountered during any of the different steps of the procedure. DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated that the application of CAD/CAM patient-specific surgical splints, cutting guides and custom-made implants in orthognathic surgery allows for a successful outcome in the ten patients presented in this series.